Al-Noor Journal for Humanities

Abstract This study aims to investigate the impact of using specific strategies, namely toys and stories, on the development and improvement of social skills among kindergarten children in the center of Nineveh Governorate. The study is guided by the following two hypotheses:
There are no statistically significant differences in the development of social skills in the post-test between the experimental group and the control group.
There are no statistically significant differences in the development of social skills between the pre-test and post-test for the experimental group.
Research Limits:
The research is limited to a sample of pre-kindergarten children in Mosul city center during the 2020-2021 academic year, with ages ranging from 4 to 5 years, on whom the program is applied.

Sample:
The study selected two kindergartens, Al Ashbal and Al Nasaem. The children were divided into two groups: control and experimental. The experiment was conducted with the experimental group, which consisted of 15 children.

Research Instruments:
The strategies used with the children included:
A specially designed program incorporating a selection of toys and stories.
The instrument used in the study was characterized by its validity, reliability, objectivity, and suitability for the children's ages, as well as its appropriateness for developing their social skills.

Assessment Methods:
The Chi-square test.
The T-test for two independent samples.
The T-test for two dependent samples.
The results indicated significant differences favoring the experimental group and the post-test results. Based on these findings, several recommendations and suggestions are presented.

Abstract The motives for lamenting cities in Andalusian poetry were numerous and varied, with the social motive being among the most significant factors that revitalized this genre of poetry. This research aims to uncover the influence of social life on the lamentation of cities in Andalusia, particularly from the era of the Taifas to the end of Islamic rule. Social motives, in this context, refer to external influences—factors that shape an individual’s behavior and personality. The wars and strife of the time significantly impacted the lives of Andalusian poets. Despite the turbulent social conditions, the lifestyle of Andalusians often reflected a continuation of previous social customs, such as the indulgence in wine and the enjoyment of female companionship. These elements played a dual role in society: they symbolized the height of opulence, luxury, wealth, and elegance, while also contributing to the weakening and eventual collapse of the state. Andalusian poetry not only depicted the tragedies that befell these cities but also portrayed society during times of prosperity and luxury. Andalusian poets excelled in their artistic expression of gatherings centered around drinking and amusement, vividly describing the joy and pleasure of these events. They portrayed the bartenders and barmaids, the venues of these gatherings—whether in bars, gardens, or orchards—and they skillfully described the wine, its vessels, and cups.

Abstract The current research aimed to explore the impact of the SCAMPER strategy on developing design thinking among fourth-year high school students in biology. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted an experimental design and formulated a null hypothesis. To test this hypothesis, Al-Asma’i High School for Girls was intentionally selected, and the research sample was randomly chosen from fourth-year students, totaling 62 students. The sample was divided into two groups: section A, consisting of 30 students, represented the experimental group that was taught using the SCAMPER strategy, while section B, consisting of 32 students, represented the control group that was taught using the traditional method. The groups were matched for variables such as age in months, previous academic achievement, overall average for the previous year, parents' educational level, and intelligence level. The research instrument consisted of a design thinking scale, which was developed by the researcher and was validated and tested for reliability. This scale was administered to both the experimental and control groups on Sunday, 29th October 2023, before the experiment began. After teaching the experimental group using the SCAMPER strategy and the control group using the traditional method for a full academic semester, the scale was administered again after the experiment was completed. Data was collected and statistically analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples with the help of the SPSS statistical package. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the development of design thinking, in favor of the experimental group, which had a higher mean score due to being taught using the SCAMPER strategy. The researcher concluded with several recommendations and suggestions related to the study.

Abstract Before the advent of Islam, the Arabs were clearly misguided and divided into separate tribes, lacking unity. This state of disarray persisted until Allah Almighty sent them the Messenger (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him) and revealed to them the Holy Qur’an to guide them to the straight path. They adhered to the book of their Lord and the Sunnah (i.e., the traditions and practices) of their Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). However, after a period of time, specifically in the second century after the Prophet’s migration to Medina, divisions in Islamic theology, known as “Kalam” (scholastic theology), began to emerge. Among these divisions arose the Mu'tazili group, which adopted a rational approach to proving Islamic beliefs, asserting that reason took precedence over revelation. They challenged authentic prophetic hadiths when these contradicted their rational doctrine, argued that the Qur’an is created, and held other such views. One of their scholars, Al-Hakim Al-Jashmi, articulated this approach in his commentary. This paper examines some of their beliefs as reflected in his interpretation of Surat Al-Fajr.

Abstract The poem-image has garnered significant attention in the works of modern poets due to its capacity to express profound emotions and thoughts with great inspiration and brevity. This is achieved by utilizing elements of reality and nature to intensify the poetic moment or the emotional state, transforming it into a structured verbal form that encapsulates a myriad of feelings and emotions with just a few words. The generative nature of the image, with its suggestive and symbolic depth, plays a crucial role in embodying all the concerns that occupy a person’s mind. By leveraging the impactful qualities and aesthetic features offered by the rhythm of the image, it becomes an effective tool in shaping the text, thanks to its pictorial capabilities that convey the poet’s ideas and emotions. The image is the cornerstone through which the depth and effectiveness of the poetic experience are evaluated. Therefore, this research aims to uncover the components of the poem-image in the works of Kazem al-Hajjaj, highlighting its role in translating his emotions and representing his personal philosophy of life and reality. The poem-image is structurally capable of encompassing a multitude of meanings and crystallizing various linguistic faculties, serving as a medium that nurtures the shifts of imagination and its metaphors to convey the poet’s message and embody his visions and ideas.

Abstract Stylistics, or the science of style, is considered one of the most essential tools for analyzing literary texts in contemporary criticism. It serves as an effective means of approaching texts by providing readers with various procedural techniques that allow them to enter the intricate world of the text. These techniques enable critical creativity that holds equal importance to the literary creativity of the work itself. The poet and critic Dr. Jassim Mohammed Jassim Al-Ajja was selected as the focus of this research due to the coherent artistic techniques prevalent in his poetry, his strong linguistic command, poetic sensibility, and refined style. This research aims to study the stylistic elements in his collection A Sky That Means Not Its Clouds by analyzing the texts, clarifying their artistic and aesthetic dimensions, and uncovering the underlying meanings and implications. The research is structured around three main axes. The first axis introduces the concept of style and stylistics, both linguistically and terminologically. The second axis explores the biography and creative contributions of Dr. Jassim Mohammed Jassim Al-Ajja. The third axis presents the research sample and provides a stylistic analysis of the poem "Don't Knock on the Door."

Abstract This study explores the poetry of Rahim Al-Gharbawi, focusing on the manifestations of fertility and barrenness as overarching themes that permeate his poetic works. These two concepts carry both existential depth and moral significance, penetrating the human soul and its surroundings. Fertility is depicted through freedom, life, abundance, resurrection, justice, and all that is associated with goodness. In contrast, barrenness is characterized by loss, alienation, death, scarcity, and injustice. Critical analysis plays a crucial role in revealing these themes, which represent two existential forces: one that sustains life and another that destroys it. Al-Gharbawi’s poetry engages deeply with these forces, expressing the reality of human hopes and sorrows. The poet addresses these themes from a distinctly human perspective, often employing indirect methods. He alludes to fertility and barrenness through mythological, historical, and natural symbols, which evoke both wonder and pleasure in the reader. Through careful reading, these symbols reveal the essence of life and its universal nature.

Abstract L'apport des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) dans l'amélioration du processus d'enseignement/apprentissage à l'université algérienne est un sujet d’actualité et d'intérêt croissant. L'objectif de cette recherche est de montrer comment les TIC peuvent être utilisées de manière efficace pour améliorer l'enseignement et l'apprentissage dans les universités algériennes. La conception de cette recherche repose sur une méthodologie mixte, combinant, des observations sur le terrain et une analyse documentaire. L'approche adoptée consiste à identifier les différents outils et ressources TIC utilisés dans les universités algériennes, ainsi que les pratiques pédagogiques qui les accompagnent. Cette recherche met en évidence plusieurs bénéfices des TIC dans le processus d'enseignement/apprentissage à l'université algérienne. Ces nouvelles technologies et pratiques pédagogiques permettent une plus grande flexibilité et accessibilité de l'enseignement, en offrant la possibilité d'accéder aux cours et aux ressources à tout moment et en tout lieu. Elles favorisent l'interactivité et l'engagement des étudiants, en leur offrant des opportunités d'apprentissage actif et collaboratif. A travers cette recherche, nous voulions montrer l'importance de l'intégration des TIC dans les pratiques enseignantes à l'université algérienne. Nous soulignons également la nécessité de former les enseignants à l'utilisation des TIC et de développer des politiques institutionnelles favorables à leur intégration.

Abstract This study investigates the role of schema theory in translation and aims to gain knowledge that may progress AI-related domains through the simulation of cognition and AI. Schema theory hypothesizes that translators use mental frameworks (schemata) to organize and interpret information. In the context of translation, schemata play a crucial role in knowledge representation, affecting limitations made during the translation process. A cognitive approach is employed and qualitative methods are used in the analysis. A corpus is collected from the translation of a SL Arabic novel (Frankenstein in Baghdad by A. Saadawi) into TL English, covering domains and language pairs. The translation process is analyzed to identify cognitive patterns employed by the translator as they apply schemata to achieve cross-cultural renditions. Conclusions reveal that schema activation significantly impacts translation choices, influencing how the translator interprets and conveys meaning across languages. Cognitive patterns shed light on how cultural and linguistic factors influence the transfer of information between SL and TL. Additionally, the study uncovers variations in schema utilization across different translation tasks and the adaptability and flexibility of cognitive processes in response to varying contexts and linguistic challenges. By deepening our understanding of schema theory, this research contributes to the design, training, and assessment of AI algorithms. It also provides valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying successful cross-linguistic communication and offers practical implications for translators engaged in intercultural exchange. Finally, this paper recommends that AI systems can drive advancements in MT and other AI-related fields of prior knowledge to produce accuracy and more closely with native speakers by using schema theory concepts.

Abstract By skillfully integrating a wide range of scholarly and intercultural references into his novels, the Egyptian novelist Najīb Maḥfūẓ has differentiated himself as an author of exceptional prowess. To convey his intended meanings, he has made extensive use of historical allusions, including (past figures and events). In the present study, we attempt to assess the translation of these types of intertextuality utilized in Maḥfūẓ's Cairo trilogy via adopting the criteria of "accuracy, clarity and naturalness" proposed by Larson in 1984. This study follows a qualitative descriptive approach to analysis. We aim to discover the tactics utilized in translating historical intertextuality into English and to identify the challenges faced by the subject translators and the reasons behind them. The current study hypothesizes that irrespective of what method the translators use to translate historical intertextuality, the translator's historical and cultural background would seriously influence the output of the translation process. The study concludes that intertextuality is a crucial device for all language users since no speech ever starts in a vacuum, and it is via intertextuality that our old legacy is continually refreshed and viewed from different points of view. It further concludes that intertextual expressions that are more culturally specific are the most challenging and he translator's familiarity with the previous texts of SL plays a significant role in the process of deciphering the meaning of intertextual texts.

Abstract The present research paper investigates the Arabic deceptive language used by advertisers within a pragmatic framework. It sheds light on the issue concerning the tricks employed by advertisers that distort their advertisements in an attempt to affect their consumers' perceptions. Thus, it aims to identify the pragmatic traps in Arabic false advertisements. It is hypothesized that advertisers use false claims in their advertisements. It is also hypothesized that different pragmatic traps can be identified in false advertisements at the level of pragmatic aspects and theories. To achieve the aim of the study and verify its hypotheses, two independent models have been adopted for data analysis. The first one is concerned with identifying false advertisements.
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This model has been applied to 400 advertisement claims related to different types of products collected through an observation method from different sources. The second model is an eclectic one; it is concerned with identifying the pragmatic traps in false advertisements under the framework of Searle’s speech act theory (1979), Grice's cooperative principle theory (1975), Leech's politeness theory (1983), presupposition (1996), and deixis. After analyzing the data qualitatively. Finally, it is concluded that Arabic advertisements contain a specific type of deceptive advertisements which is false advertisements, and these false advertisements are presented differently through different strategies by advertisers. It is also concluded that different pragmatic traps can be identified in false advertisements at the level of pragmatic aspects and theories.

Abstract The current study embarks on investigating Iraqi EFL learners' pragmatic tolerance of quantity maxim violations. Additionally, it seeks to shed light on Iraqi EFL learners' pragmatic abilities in deriving pragmatic inferences from utterances that contain violations of quantity maxim. The experimental work in the current study utilized two types of sentence judgment tasks. Binary sentence judgment task for investigating learners' pragmatic tolerance, and ternary judgment task for investigating learners' pragmatic competence. The study included two groups of participants. The first group included 50 participants from 2nd-year students, and the second included 50 from 4th-year students at the Department of English for the academic year 2023-2024; both groups judged underinformative scalar implicature utterances. The results with binary task data indicate that Iraqi EFL learners exhibit tolerance toward quantity maxim violations. However, the ternary judgment task results indicate that Iraqi learners are not competent enough to derive a pragmatic inference. Hence, the current study attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of EFL learners' pragmatic abilities to derive implied meanings.

Abstract The ultimate goal of learning a language is to use it when interacting with others regardless of the mode of communication. This use of the language, however, is socially and psychologically affected. In this regard, social intelligence plays a crucial role in creating effective interactions. The problem is that the correlation between social intelligence and speaking skill has received little attention in the field of linguistics concerning the Iraqi context. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between these variables to better understand how they correlate to each other. It asks to what extent there is a correlation between them and whether some personal variables affect this correlation. To this end, the alternative hypothesis is adopted which claims that there is a statistically significant positive correlation among the variables. For this purpose, the correlation design that draws on the quantitative approach is adopted. Moreover, a sample of 77 EFL third-year students from the University of Mosul for the academic year 2023-2024 was randomly selected. They were males and females coming from ethnic backgrounds, namely, Arabs, Kurds, and Turkmen. To collect data, two research instruments were used they were: an adopted and adapted social intelligence scale and a speaking test designed by the researcher. The data were statistically treated by a statistician using SPSS. The results of the study show that there is a positive moderate correlation between social intelligence and speaking skill. It is also concluded that personal variables such as gender and ethnicity have no significant influence on the correlation between the variables. Finally, some recommendations were presented based on the conclusions inferred.

Abstract This research paper explores the origin and distinct characteristics of the Noarth Mesopotamian Arabic dialect, specifically the Moslawi dialect spoken in Mosul, northern Iraq. The study begins with tracing the roots of the Arabic language within the Semitic language family tree and examines the emergence of Modern Arabic Dialects. It highlights Ferguson's theory that these dialects originated from a asimplified Koine as the most plausible explanation. The paper then delves into the Mesopotamian dialect group, detailing the division into qeltu and gelet varieties through bedouinization. The phonological and lexical uniqueness of Moslawi is analyzed, emphasizing the persistent use of the phoneme /q/ by Moslawi speakers and the systematic vowel-raising rule that differentiates it from other dialects. Extensive language contact, with Persian, Turkish, Hindi, Kurdish, and English, is also discussed, which explains the numerous borrowed words in Moslawi. This research underscores the complex historical and sociolinguistic factors contributing to the distinctiveness of the Moslawi dialect within the broader context of Arabic dialects.

Abstract The present research paper discusses the applicability of Zwart’s “Comparative–Descriptive Model of Translation Shifts” (1984) to translating Sci-Tech news from English into Arabic. This comprehensive model primarily investigates the translation shifts occurring in literary discourse. To the best of the reCsearcher’s knowledge, very few attempts have been made to apply this shift analysis-based model to the translation of other types of discourse. The paper applies this model to translating scientific discourse, particularly technology news, on several reliable news websites, such as BBC and CNBC. English news on the English websites (ST) and the Arabic translation (TT) on these websites are used as data for the comparative and descriptive analysis. Zwart’s comparative model describes the translation shifts on the microstructural level by comparing the architranseme and the SL and TL transoms. The descriptive model provides insights into the shifts on the macrostructural level. The paper concludes that shifts occurring in the translation of Sci-Tech news can be best described, analysed, and categorised within Zwart’s comparative model. It also concludes that shifts on the microstructural level do not necessarily lead to a noticeable macrostructural change in the primary language metafunctions (interpersonal, ideational, and textual) as in the translation of literary works. Syntactic shifts may, however, result in a macrostructural change of the textual metafunction, which alters the propositional content in some instances.

Abstract Conversation is an essential part of our daily life. We can communicate our ideas, wills, feelings, emotions, and many other aspects of our lives through conversation. Conversation, in this sense, is a systematic and highly organized activity. People, in conversation, are often clear and operative in their talk. However, sometimes they are not so. This paper addresses the problem of non-observing Grice’s maxims in conversation, particularly the problem of flouting them. It aims to determine whether the four maxims are fully observed or maybe flouted in the televised conversations. The study tries to answer the question of what maxims are flouted in such conversation and whether this phenomenon is cross-cultural or not. The study adopts Grice’s (1975) Model, which explains the cooperative principle and its maxims. A qualitative approach has been followed in this study. The data of the study are extracts of a televised conversation between Bashar Assad, Syria's president, and the German journalist Todenhöfer, as well as between Scott and Biden, collected from the website. Finally, the study concludes that all the Grice’s maxims are flouted in the televised conversational interactions. However, this flouting of a given maxim depends on the nature of the journalist’s questions and the purpose of the talk. The results also show that flouting the maxims is a cross-cultural phenomenon. Accordingly, the question of the study has been answered. This would theoretically and practically add to the growing body of literature studying cross-cultural pragmatics.

Abstract
The present paper argues that Bseiso’s “Footsteps” is a counter-hegemonic ideological poem. Bseiso employs powerful rhetorical patterns in order to subvert the hegemonic and ideological concepts practiced and promulgated by the Zionist occupation. It also proves that “Footsteps” challenges Zionist colonial and imperial narratives and instills the Palestinian resistance poetry into the core of the national struggle against the Zionist tyranny and injustice.
It also proves Bseiso is an organic intellectual in Gramscian terms.

Abstract
The article deals with the issue of formation and development of scientific analytical and communicative skills among humanities students at Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after P. Lumumba ("RUDN University"). The study touches upon the issues of shaping competences in professional sphere taking into account multipolarity and international status of the university and its educational programmes. The study is based on the multidisciplinary approach to teaching humanities students from different countries taking into account the level of development of all kinds of speech activity,national-cultural specificities of the students and interdisciplinary approach.
The article discusses an innovative interdisciplinary approach and the need to integrate technical skills into humanitarian education.

Abstract The Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution has become a reality in today’s world and its importance for linguistics was recognized very early. Despite its unprecedent surge and integration into various academic fields including language teaching and translation, surprisingly, little work has been done by scholars in advancing discussions on the profound impact of the AI on the diversity of widely available languages in both developed and developing world.
Africa is linguistically diverse continent with about one third of the world’s languages that are vastly underrepresented in the
global digital data pool. AI translation machine is supported in only 25 languages out of over 2000 languages in the continent. The paper deploys homomorphism model of AI theory to interrogate the natural language data drawn the African languages to present the current and future challenges, opportunities and potential for developing AI algorithms that could fit neatly into the translation of the African languages. Most of the discussions in the paper focuses on the seven patterns of the AI, the usage and implementation of AI algorithms in the translation science. The research findings show some of the complexities of the African languages in which their syntactic categories have multiple corresponding semantic objects. Unlike English, the findings also reveal that syntactic operation in the African languages do not always have one corresponding semantic operation as postulated by the homomorphism model of AI theory. the study contributes to scholarly literature by stressing the limits and opportunities that relate to using AI in translation science and supplying input from NLP algorithms practitioners to expand the AI applicability operation in the translation science.