Al-Noor Journal for Humanities

Abstract
The interaction between the creative and his culture that accumulates over the years of his various life experience is very clear because the most original creatives are those whose artistic composition is of a cumulative nature. In other words, the creative poet draws his images from a set of cognitive tributaries that reveal his ability to evoke those sources in moments of personal emotion, as well as organize and influence the recipient. Thus, it reflects the interaction between the creatives and the accumulation of knowledge and culture throughout different stages of their lives.
Since poetry is a linguistic art and a crafted image formed from language, which is a set of structural relationships that constitute the imaginative powers of the poem. Thereby, the image becomes a creative process that draws its elements from the culture of the creative and is framed by diverse imagination visions. Therefore, after deep reading of Ibn Al-Haddad’s collection, it is observed that a group of important intellectual tributaries from which Ibn Al-Haddad drew his images, and which had an obvious impact on the formation of these images, and among those tributaries are:
1- The Religious Tributary.
2- The Literary Tributary.
3- The Historical Tributary.
4- Social Tributary.
5- The Scientific Tributary.
Keywords: Andalusian Poet Ibn Haddad, Ibn Haddad Al-Andalusi, Poetic Image, Intellectual Tributaries.

Abstract
Al-kitaab by Sibawayh was and still is a perennial source, from which scholars derive knowledge and methods of thinking that we do not find in any other book. Among the phenomena in this book is the measuring the compound to the singular, where the singular is the origin and the measured is the compound, the derivative. therefore, throughout this books, it can be noted that Sibawayh standardly use some expressions such as: (single name, single thing, single letter, and single word) in describing attributive and non-attributive compounds such as the subject and the predicate, the verb and the subject, and subordinate compounds, as well as the mixed compound and other compounds.
The current study aims to uncover this unique phenomenon in the book, which is echoed in subsequent grammarians' books, such as Al-Muqtadhib by Al-Mubarrad, Al-Usul by Ibn Al-Siraj, Al-Mufasal by Al-Zamakhshari and its explanations, as well as in books of the later. The study is based on identifying the similarity between the measured (compounds) and the measurement (singular), and explaining the rationale and judgments based on principles of grammar.
Keywords: Measurement, Singular, Compound, Single Noun, Single Thing, Single Word, Single Letter, Generality, Specificity.

Abstract
          The research aims to identify the comparison of the strategies of PECS and educational bonds in the acquisition of first-year intermediate students’ mathematical problem-solving skills. A sample of (60) first-year intermediate students was chosen, who were chosen intentionally from (Al-Futwa Middle School for Boys) from among the schools of the research community in the district. Al-Hamdaniya / Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). After that, the researchers distributed the sample members into two experimental groups that were equivalent in a number of variables. The first numbered (31) students who studied the mathematics subject specified in the experiment according to the PECS strategy, while the number of Students in the second experimental group (29 students) studied the same subject according to the educational bonds strategy. The research also required preparing a test for mathematical problem-solving skills in the form of specific-answer essay questions. The researchers verified its validity, psychometric properties, and reliability, which reached a percentage of (0.78), which is an acceptable reliability percentage. In non-standardized cognitive tests, the test is now ready to be applied to members of the main sample, consisting of (5) specific-answer essay items with a range of (0-62) degrees.
After the researchers completed the requirements for conducting the experiment, the first researcher implemented it himself by teaching the two strategies in the first semester on Sunday (10/15/2023) for the two research groups according to the study plans drawn up for that, and the experiment continued until Thursday (1/11/2024). Then a posttest of mathematical problem solving skills was applied to the two research groups on (1/16/2024), and after collecting the data, it was statistically analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples (t-test) that were not equal in number, in addition to calculating the Eta square (effect size), and it was The result is as follows:
There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average acquisition of the skills of the members of the first and second experimental research groups in solving mathematical problems, in favor of the first experimental group, which was studied using the PECS strategy.
In light of the results, the researchers came out with a number of conclusions and made a number of recommendations, in addition to proposing a number of titles for future studies.
 
Keywords: (PECS) (Educational bonds) (Problem solving skills)

Abstract
This study tackles Iraqi theses and dissertations that specialize in the generative-transformational theory. Through this study, it is aimed to explore polarization between traditional and modern approaches to the study of language. The traditional is represented by the Arabic linguistic heritage, especially grammar, and the modern is represented by the generative-transformational theory, which is a controversial from which many researchers in this field are not immune. In this regard, researchers are divided into groups, some favor Arabic grammar while others support generative theory. Such studies remain attempts stem from reactions of the newcomer (generative linguistics) - regardless of their directions - and are characterized by the victory of one camp at the expense of another. These practices are far from scientific inquiry. However, another group of researchers attempted to compare the Arabic and generative systems, but their attempts sometimes led to reconciliation and compatibility between them, focusing only on the similarities. However, these attempts can also be considered reactions, but to a lesser extent. Concerning the last group, they deal with the two systems without neglecting the differences between them, and consider them within their cognitive, historical and cultural context, the circumstances in which each of them appeared, and the requirements and objectives that necessitated their existence.
The primary focus in the current study is that it is claimed that Chomsky is the pioneer of the transformational generative theory, influenced by Arabic grammar. This has been mentioned in some Iraqi theses and dissertations that specialized in the transformational generative theory. Hence, the current study is limited to examining Iraqi theses and dissertations that referred to the Chomsky’s influence by Arabic grammar, explicitly or implicitly. Arguments and evidence of those who make this claim are examined, in addition to trying to uncover the motives behind this claim. Is it scientific? Or driven by other factors? All of this is based on evidence.
Keywords: Chomsky, Arabic grammar, Generative Theory.

Abstract Abstract
Divine love is exceptional and it is based on divine revelation, solitude, and divine manifestation and it is dedicated solely to the Divine essense. It purifies the soul and distances oneself from the pleasures adornments, and joys of this world. It is characterised by submission, advancement, faith, and obedience as a result of love, not fear. The poet Ibn Al-Faridh was called "Sultan of Lovers" due to his divine love and adoration, which distanced him from extremism and led him to comply with Allah’s commands in the Holly Qur’an for loving Allah, obeying Him and obeying His commands. The current research is composed of single chapter entitled: "Identification in Divine Love at Separation and Connection Levels" due to the breadth of the topic, and one study cannot cover it. In this research, it becomes clear that when the poet is separated from people, he connects with his Creator with love and longing.
Keywords: Identification, Divine Love, Ibn Al-Faridh, Separation, Connection.

Abstract The Holy Qur’an addresses the topic of fingerprints and fingertips in an amazing way. the Holy Qur’an refers to fingerprints in Surat Al-Qiyamah Allah The Almighty said: (Yes. [We are] Able [even] to proportion his fingertips.), and in this verse there is a reference to the Qur’anic scientific miracle. Anatomists and Geologists have found that fingerprints and and fingertips are created by Allah The Almighty in the best manner and gave them a personal identity, which is the fingerprint that is not identical to any other fingerprint. The fingerprint, which is part of the skin of the fingers, arouses astonishment in the precision and mastery of its creation. In it, one see the great power of Allah The Almighty to make fingerprint different from one finger to another in one hand, then how about billions of people on the planet?. It is a reminder of Allah The Almighty’s saying: "We have certainly created man in the best of stature". Therefore, criminal investigators and security officers use it to identify the identities of the perpetrators. Furthermore, government agencies use it to prove the individual’s identity, and all of this is from the grace of Allah The Almighty upon humanity.
 
Keywords: Miracle, Science, The Qur’an, Fingerprints, Personality, Identity.

Abstract
The concept of alienation has gained great importance in the modern era because it falls within the scope of contemporary concepts in psychology and sociology; as it addresses the most important issues related to the human self in the present time, which has been notably reflected in the narrative works. The writer tries to draw his vision of the world with all its constraints and accumulations that overwhelm him and distance him from realizing his true self and identity. The use of alienation was not employed as a self-defeating act randomly or spontaneously. Rather, to violate and plunder everything related to the human self. Thus, it elevates this work to high levels of narrative creativity that seem evident. Many Iraqi and Arab novels in the modern era are full of this style and they are distinguished and full of alienation as it is a fertile field that illustrates the magnitude of the catastrophe suffered by Arab citizens, especially the Iraqis. The novel "Musamarat Jisr Bzeibiz" was a rich example filled with various examples that motivated me to delve into the depths of these texts. The current research presents an introduction that explains the precise definition of the term alienation. The first chapter is entitled "alienation of identity" which is considered one of the most dangerous types of alienation, as it is considered the loss of one's self and his loss of the most prominent characteristics of a decent life. While the second section focuses on the cognitive alienation which concern human essence and existence. Finally, the third chapter is entitled "temporal alienation and the presence of memory" because memory has a major role in retrieving and restoring events as required according to the context of the text.
Keywords: Alienation, Novel, Musamarat Jisr Bzeibiz, Shaker Al-Anbari

Abstract
     Entrepreneurship is a modern term that has emerged in contemporary critical studies. It has been viewed by critics as a concept equivalent to another term, "primacy". However, primacy in its original nature and essence is not inherently linked to the concept of entrepreneurship; it diverges from its precise meaning and connotation.
     Critics have differed in defining the entrepreneurship of poets and which of them deserves primacy in their poetry to be considered pioneering. Concerning our poet (Imru' al-Qais), he is considered one of the leading poets of the pre-Islamic era and one of the foremost among the poets of the first class, as classified by Ibn Salam and agreed upon by most critics. He has contributed significantly to innovative advancement in poetic themes, forms, and perspectives. Therefore, it has been chosen to study the concept of entrepreneurship in his work after evaluating it in comparison with the poets of his generation.
    The research is composed of a theoretical introduction that presents the concept of entrepreneurship linguistically and technically, while identifying the poets encompassed by this concept. The research material was addressed through three main axes: the first addressed artistic entrepreneurship, the second approached objective entrepreneurship, and the third focused on studying artistic entrepreneurship in Imru' al-Qais's work, detailing the most important themes he addressed in his poetry.
   
Keyword: Identity, Pre-Islamic Era

Abstract Abstract The quality of the translation of safety manuals as a part of technical texts is one of the factors that can explain the extent to which the necessary protection is provided to workers in potentially dangerous areas, whether by working in a specific environment or using particular equipment or machines. However, this translation area has yet to be extensively researched. The importance of this study derives from the fact that translating safety manuals is a challenging task due to various challenges related to grammatical and linguistic differences between two languages, especially the issue of the absence of technical or scientific equivalence in the target language. This study aims to discuss the problems that may occur while translating technical texts, find solutions to them, and highlight the importance of the skills required by translators during this type of translation.

Abstract Abstract The aim of this research is to understand cognitive methods for translation analysis. It looks at using Cognitive Script Theory (CST) as a framework to examine how the Arabic novel "American Granddaughter" is translated into English. According to the Cognitive Script Theory, translators have mental scripts - representations of commonplace occurrences or activities - that help them comprehend and interpret a variety of circumstances. The novel "American Granddaughter by Inaam Kachachi" is an engaging story of family relationships, cultural identity, and tensions across generations. This study uses Cognitive Script Theory to investigate how the translator resolves the emotional and cultural difficulties presented by the SL to accurately translate the story into (TT). © THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ By identifying the underlying scripts in the original novel and their cultural implications, the translator preserves or adapts these scripts to ensure communicative effectiveness in the TL audience. The study involves (6) longer texts collected randomly from the above-mentioned novel and tabulated according to the model of Cognitive Scripts of Reception in Translation (Kruger, 2016). Hence, this paper deals with the role of cognitive scripts in shaping the translation process through setting descriptions, and cultural references to maintain the essence of the ST while resonating with the target audience's cultural norms and expectations. Through qualitative analysis, including textual analysis with the translation, the findings provide valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between Cognitive Script Theory and the translation of literary work, particularly those that carry complex cultural themes and motifs.

Abstract The current study aims at: A, inviting Iraqi EFL educators (from primary to university levels) to reflect and re-examine their current teaching beliefs and practices from an intercultural point of view; B, raising their awareness of what the concept of “culture” really is and its impact on language learning in modern world; C, introducing an adaptable and flexible framework towards intercultural instruction. Moreover, it focuses on shedding light on some linguistic aspects from a cultural point of view as well as the reasons behind overlooking the concept of “culture” in Iraqi EFL contexts.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI), in recent years, has become a very real tool that can aid society in addressing many issues, including the challenges faced in the translation. In recent years, Arabic-English or English-Arabic translations have been generally influenced by the technologically driven approaches, like Google translation machine, in handling meaning between the two languages during the translation. The ubiquity of computing has become apparent and has demonstrated that the Arabic-English or English-Arabic translations can be achieved using AI-driven tools. Data collection of the current study included translating some texts in the Holy Quran from Arabic into English to show how translation by AI differs from human translation in many aspects. By analysing these data, this study discusses adopting AI in Arabic-English Translation based on the subfields of AI; machine learning and natural language processing (NLP). The findings reveal that AI subfields can be developed further in Arabic-English Translation, especially machine learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP). ©THISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBY LICENSE.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ AI projects on Arabic-English translations need adequate funding to establish sound connection between AI and Arabic translations into other languages or vice versa. Absence of the funding would limit AI’s potential and its applicability to all forms of Arabic-English i.e., literary and techno-scientific text. The research concludes by providing examples of how these subfields are being developed in Arabic-English translations for future research.

Abstract The aim of this study is to highlight the challenges that might arise while translating English Janus words into Arabic. It is hypothesized that the clues provided by the linguistic context, which inexperienced translators often fail to account for, have a major impact on how the English Janus words are rendered. In addition, the study assumes that freshman translators tend to automatically give a single meaning to each lexical item, without taking into consideration the several additional or secondary meanings that a lexical item might have. To accomplish the aims of the present study, the researcher selects five examples of English Janus words taken from Mittendorff, A. (2018). To collect data for this study, the chosen samples are presented to six MA students at Mosul University's Department of Translation to translate into Arabic during the academic year 2023–2024. © THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The study concludes that the respondents, in several cases, fail to take into account the clues provided by the linguistic context, ultimately resulting in several inaccurate renditions. Following that, the researcher strongly suggests that the influence of the linguistic context should be taken into consideration while translating such challenging terms.

Abstract This study examines the challenges and solutions for translating English metaphors into Arabic in Winston Churchill's diaries. In Churchill's writing, metaphors are important rhetorical devices that elicit metaphoricity and help to communicate difficult concepts. However, due to the fact that Arabic and English have different linguistic standards, cultural contexts, and linguistic structures, translating these metaphorical terms poses special challenges. This study investigates the different translation procedures used by translators to convey meaning and effect of metaphors while maintaining their rhetorical impact in the target language by drawing on theories of metaphor translation and cross-cultural communication. This study examines the common problems encountered in translating metaphors and investigates the efficacy of various translation techniques in capturing the subtleties of meaning and cultural connotations inherent in metaphorical expressions. © THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ To achieve this, a qualitative analysis of eight passages taken from Churchill's diary and their Arabic translations is conducted. The results provide insights on how to translate Churchill's unique writing style into Arabic while preserving the rhetorical and expressive elements of the source text, illuminating the intricate relationship between language, culture, and metaphor in translation. This study contributes to the understanding of metaphor translation and emphasizes the value of linguistic innovation and cultural sensitivity in overcoming source and target language gaps in literary translation.

Abstract It is commonplace to find the age in which we live described as an age of fundamental change in the way people interact. Recent rapid advances in technology have enabled, facilitated or accelerated communications in personal, commercial and educational contexts to such an extent that virtually all fields of human activity appear radically transformed, and on the verge of even more radical transformations. In these circumstances, schools, colleges and universities need to reflect on and to adapt their teaching, learning, and assessment practices, in order to provide an education that is of and for our time, through judicious and controlled use of new and old technologies. What may help us in the process is an awareness of the dialectic between orality and literacy that has existed and developed ever since the invention of writing. In the light of this, I shall try to formulate some practical suggestions for recalibrating our systems to deal with current and future challenges.

Abstract This study deals with jargons used by workgroup members who are Mosuli Arabic speakers. It investigates how jargons are perceived by laypeople-certain group of outsiders. It tests the hypothesis saying that laypeople do not understand jargon terms used in specific occupations despite that these terms are used and perceived by the same dialect- Mosuli Arabic. It also tests whether perception rates vary according to social factors such as gender and social class. The data of the study are qualitative, represented by the jargons used by workgroup members, and quantitative, represented by the statistics and numerals of the questionnaire results. After collecting the qualitative data and conducting the questionnaire, laypeople were asked about some jargons to assess their perception of these terms. The terms are related to six workgroups: three of them are professions (physicians, electric engineers, and IT programmers), and the other three occupations are crafts (goldsmiths, car mechanics, and construction workers). Then, the results of the questionnaire were analyzed and discussed concluding that workgroup outsiders do not understand jargons used by workgroup members or insiders, and their rate of perception does not reflect social class nor gender distinctions.

Abstract The present article discusses the impact of one of the effective strategies utilized in the field of education, namely, the constructivist approach. The article puts forward the claim that the traditional approach to teaching adopts a top-down or a bottom-up procedure emphasizes on the meaning of lexical items and expressions. Consequently, this tends to be an impediment to the students’ level of recognition and understanding. Similarly, this may affect the quality of translation once the source and target languages are involving. It is usually argued that education is based on interaction which is of three types: teacher-learner, leaner-learner, and leaner-content interactions. Thus, it can be claimed that the traditional teacher-centered approach incorporates only one type of interaction whereas constructivism incorporates two types of interaction. © THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Due to the prevalence of this traditional approach in EFL and translation classes, a noticeable number of students prove unable to develop their skills and experiences, to think independently, or read effectively, Therefore, the current study aims at investigating the value of employing the principles of constructivism as a pedagogical method.